{"id":1084,"date":"2026-05-11T10:37:16","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T10:37:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vaalrivercommunity.co.za\/?page_id=1084"},"modified":"2026-05-12T06:45:24","modified_gmt":"2026-05-12T06:45:24","slug":"the-vaal-dam","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vaalrivercommunity.co.za\/index.php\/the-vaal-dam\/","title":{"rendered":"The Vaal Dam"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Introduction<\/strong><\/h4>\n

About 56 km south of Johannesburg, close to Vereeniging, the Vaal Dam was constructed in the early thirties. At the time it was also about 20 km downstream of the confluence of the Vaal and Wilge rivers. As a result of the impoundment of water the Wilge River now flows directly into the Vaal Dam. Since the completion of the Grootdraai Dam on the Vaal River near Standerton in 1982, the percentage contribution of the Wilge River to the contents of the Vaal Dam increased enormously. The Wilge River also serves as the channel for the transfer of water released from the Sterkfontein Dam to supplement the water supply in the Vaal Dam.<\/p>\n

The Vaal River forms the border between the Vaal and the Free State, rises as Chrissiesmeer near Breyton and merges with the Orange River 1 210 km further near Douglas. Besides the Wilge River, the Vaal River is also fed by the Watervals and Klip Rivers upstream of the Vaal Dam and by the Vals-, Vet-, Harts- and Riet Rivers as well as various tributaries and minor streams downstream of the dam.<\/p>\n

The catchment area of the Vaal Dam extends over approximately 38 500 km2 of which 60% is in the Free State and the remaining 40% in the North West, Gauteng and Mpumalanga provinces. The catchment area has a Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) of approximately 700 mm with a corresponding annual potential evaporation (Symons Pan) in the order of 1 500 mm. The evaporation on the Vaal Dam is about 5 mm per day \u2013 almost 2 m water per year. The Mean Annual Runoff (MAR) at the dam is approximately 2 050 million m3 which represents roughly 8% of the rainfall in the catchment.<\/p>\n

Even though the Vaal Dam is only the fourth-largest dam in the RSA in terms of gross storage capacity, it is without a doubt the most important dam in view of its role as the primary supplier of water to the economic heartland of the Republic. It is also the hub around which the Vaal River system, which is augmented by the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, revolves.<\/p>\n

The dam basin consists of sediments of the Karoo Sequence in the Ecca Group and is composed of shale, sandstone and dolerite. It is fairly impervious and there are no significant fracture zones in the dam basin.<\/p>\n

The construction of the dam commenced during the depression period of the early thirties and was completed in 1938 with a wall height of 41,14 m (54,2m above lowest foundation) and a full supply capacity of 994 million m3. The wall consisted of a concrete gravity section in the Vaal River bed with an earthfill wall on the right flank.<\/p>\n

The dam was built as a joint venture between Rand Water and the then Department of Irrigation (now known as the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry), in which the former was responsible for 70% of the construction cost in exchange for an annual free quota of 357 million m3 of water. The Rand Water Board is an important partner of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry in the development and operation of the Vaal River system. Rand Water was established in 1903, and completed the Vaal Barrage in 1952 to supply water to users on the Witwatersrand.<\/p>\n

The Vaal Dam was subsequently raised twice. During the most recent raising of the Vaal Dam the Rand Water Board made a financial contribution of the construction of the intake tower even though it was built by the department. The Rand Water Board is still the largest single user of water from the Vaal River system. During 1987 Rand Water distributed 49% of all the water from the Vaal River system.<\/p>\n

At the time of the construction of the dam and subsequent raising the department obtained servitudes of impoundment to make provision for the impoundment of water. These servitudes are registered on the deeds of transfer of all the properties concerned.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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The Raising of the Wall<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In the early fifties the wall was raised by 6,1 m (to a height of 60,3m), enabling it to store 2 188 million m3 of water at full supply level. This was accomplished by raising the concrete wall by 3,05 m and installing 60 crest gates with a height of 3,05 m each on top of the concrete section.<\/p>\n

In the following years it became clear that the ever increasing demand for water was not the only problem facing the Vaal Dam, but that floods created a very serious problem. Flood water released from the dam posed a threat to inter alia parts of Vereeniging adjacent to the river as experienced during the floods of 1944 and 1974.<\/p>\n

When it became clear, therefore, by the late seventies that a further adjustment to the storage capacity of the dam had become necessary, it was decided to deal with the question of temporary flood water storage at the same time so that it would be possible to reduce flood peaks that flow into the Vaal Dam.<\/p>\n

With the subsequent raising in 1985, the wall was raised by a further 3,05 m (to 63,4m above lowestfoundation), of which 1,1 m is used for permanent storage increasing the permanent volume of the dam to 2 536 million m3 at full supply level with a surface area of approximately 320 km2 making it a relatively large and shallow reservoir. The remaining 1,95 m amounts to a storage capacity of 663 million m3 (26%) of water that is used for temporary flood attenuation in the Vaal Dam and can then be systematically released to reduce major flooding and flood damage downstream the wall. This raising was effected by replacing the old 60 crest gates with 60 modern crest gates with a height 6,68 m each, and outdated mechanical and electrical
\nequipment with new equipment. The earth fill section was raised at the same time by 2,76 m.<\/p>\n

Thus the wall was completed and raised twice in 1938, 1951 and 1985.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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The Crack<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In view of the greater load the additional storage would place on the dam wall, it had to be strengthened. As a rule, dam walls are strengthened in one of two ways.<\/p>\n

The first method is to drill holes from the crest of the wall right through the concrete into the foundation. Steel cables are then installed in the holes which are grouted at the lower end with a mixture of cement and water to anchor them in the foundation rock. The cables are then stressed to several hundreds of tons and the holes grouted further to keep the cables in position. In this manner a permanent force is achieved that presses the dam wall against the foundation.<\/p>\n

The second method is to add more concrete to the dam wall, thus obtaining a more stable structure. The use of cables only for the strengthening of the Vaal Dam was not possible because the force that would be required was of such magnitude that the cables would have to be installed 500 mm apart. The only method was therefore to thicken the dam wall by placing more concrete on the downstream side of the wall.<\/p>\n

This method, however, presents its own peculiar problems. As the dam was at this stage almost full, the dam wall was put under severe strain by the water pressure. If the fresh concrete, which was not being subjected to any stress, were to be placed on the downstream side, the wall would have to be thickened by 26 m at its foundation. Further calculations showed that the some result could be achieved by adding only 5 meters of concrete at the foundation if the dam was empty.<\/p>\n

To empty the dam for the construction period was not feasible.<\/p>\n

\nThe problem was solved by installing steel cables 2,85 m apart at a stress of 500 ton in the concrete wall. In this manner the strain exerted on the dam wall by the water pressure was relieved. The solution was obtained of a reasonably empty dam without lowering the water level. Thanks to this reduction in strain all that was needed was to thicken the concrete wall by a maximum of 13 m at the foundation.<\/p>\n

A further problem was the fact that fresh concrete does not really bond with \"old\" or set concrete. In this case the problem was aggravated by the fact that the fresh concrete was itself under strain and that the structure as a whole should function as a unit. In addition, the shrinkage undergone by the fresh concrete as it hardens creates forces which reduce the bond between the fresh and the old concrete. The only way to bridge this would be to rough the entire downstream side of the wall - a costly and uneconomical process.<\/p>\n

It was decided to rough only the upper and lower parts of the wall and allow the concrete to bond with those areas. Bonding in the middle section was prevented by white-washing the old wall. A drainage system was built into this section to relieve the build-up of pressure should any water seep into the middle section. It is precisely this \"raising\u201d middle part that gave rise to the rumour about the \"crack\u201d in Vaal Dam.<\/p>\n

The fresh concrete was cast from the foundation up to the beginning of the upper bonding section. If was then allowed to shrink for six months before the concrete for the upper bonding section was cast.<\/p>\n

Provision was made for relief of pressure in the foundation to restrict undesirable hydrostatic uplift in the foundation by cutting a tunnel underneath the foundation. This tunnel is 830 m long and was constructed at an average depth of 23 m below the concrete level of contact. Seepage water drains into the tunnel and is pumped out from the deepest point.<\/p>\n

The Vaal Dam is a composite dam consisting of a concrete gravity wall 714 m long and 63,4 m high, and a main earth embankment of 910 m in length closes off a saddle on the right flank. The two embankments are separated by about 300 m.<\/p>\n

The concrete wall consists of a spillway and a non-spill section. The crest gates are installed on top of the spillway section. Each gate is controlled at the gate and can be opened at short notice to release incoming flood water. During a flood, up to 115 m3\/s can be released into the river at each of the 60 crest gates. When the water rises to the high flood level, however, each gate can handle 202 m3.<\/p>\n

Dissipaters on the concrete overspill section dissipate the energy of the overflow. The overflow falls onto an apron chute on each flank which carries the water back to the river channel.
\nThe river outlets consist of 24 pipes which were extended through the layer of thickened concrete of the wall. Eight of these outlets are in use and the remaining 16 are shut off for future use. A total flow of 95 m3\/s can be released through the eight outlets when the dam is at full supply level (FSL)<\/p>\n

Additional outlet works for the Rand Water Board are situated on the right bank and consist of an intake tower which control the release of water. Two outlet tunnels with a diameter of 3,5 m carry the water over a distance of 620 m underneath the dam wall to the Rand Water pipeline and canal which lead to the Zuikerbosch Purification Works. The dam has 60 crest gates and a flood storage capacity of 25% above the 100% full supply level. The wall is 63,4 m high.<\/p>\n

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The Wall<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The Vaal Dam is a composite dam consisting of a concrete gravity wall 714 m long and 63,4 m high, and a main earth embankment of 910 m in length closes off a saddle on the right flank. The two embankments are separated by about 300 m.<\/p>\n

The concrete wall consists of a spillway and a non-spill section. The crest gates are installed on top of the spillway section. Each gate is controlled at the gate and can be opened at short notice to release incoming flood water. During a flood, up to 115 m3\/s can be released into the river at each of the 60 crest gates. When the water rises to the high flood level, however, each gate can handle 202 m3.<\/p>\n

Dissipaters on the concrete overspill section dissipate the energy of the overflow. The overflow falls onto an apron chute on each flank which carries the water back to the river channel.<\/p>\n

The river outlets consist of 24 pipes which were extended through the layer of thickened concrete of the wall. Eight of these outlets are in use and the remaining 16 are shut off for future use. A total flow of 95m3\/s can be released through the eight outlets when the dam is at full supply level (FSL)<\/p>\n

Additional outlet works for the Rand Water Board are situated on the right bank and consist of an intake tower which control the release of water. Two outlet tunnels with a diameter of 3,5 m carry the water over a distance of 620 m underneath the dam wall to the Rand Water pipeline and canal which lead to the Zuikerbosch Purification Works.<\/p>\n

The dam has 60 crest gates and a flood storage capacity of 25% above the 100% full supply level. The wall is 63,4 m high.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Purpose<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The Vaal Dam supplies water to the greater area known previously Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging (PWV) region which extends from Pretoria in the north to Vereeniging-Sasolburg in the south and from Bethal in the east to Rustenburg in the west.<\/p>\n

According to the 1980 census, 79% of South Africa\u2019s mining production and 56 % of its industrial production is generated in this area and 42% of the country's agricultural production is irrigated from the Vaal River. The supply of water is handled by Rand Water which is also responsible for the purification and distribution thereof over the entire area.<\/p>\n

The Vaal Dam stabilises the flow of the Vaal River and thus assures water supply downstream of the dam. Besides Rand Water which abstracts water from the Vaal Barrage, other users from the Vaal River System are the Free State Gold fields, other industries and municipalities and irrigation farmers. Water is supplied for domestic and industrial use, irrigation, thermal power generation and mining purposes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Additional Water<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Due to the increasing demands in the Vaal River System Supply Area, even with raising the Vaal Dam over the years, the natural resources of the Vaal Dam catchment are unable to supply the full water requirements. Various interbasin transfers already exist to transfer water from areas with excess resources to the Vaal Dam catchment and new schemes are continually being developed.<\/p>\n

The first of these schemes was the transfer of water from the Tugela River across the Drakensberg to the Sterkfontein Dam. The maximum transfer capacity from the Tugela is at present 20 m3\/s.<\/p>\n

During the serious drought of the eighties this scheme proved its value when the entire PWV area and the ESCOM power stations on the Eastern Transvaal Highveld, as well as SASOL I and SASOL II and III, were, in fact, relying entirely on water supply from the Sterkfontein Dam. Although the Sterkfontetn Dam has a larger storage capacity than the Vaal Dam, its surface area at full supply level covers only about 20% (6 726 ha). It also possesses favourable dam basin qualities - hence the Departments' policy to keep water in reserve in the Sterkfontein Dam and to release it from there at the required rate of use rather than to allow extensive loss of water to take place through evaporation if it were stored in the Vaal Dam.<\/p>\n

The next scheme to bring additional wafer to the Vaal River basin was the Usutu-Vaal Government Water Scheme (Heyshope Dam). This scheme, with a potential transfer capacity of 5 m3\/s (160 million m3 per annum), has been supplying water to the Vaal River system from time to time since 1985. Actual transfer of water is adapted according to need. The Slang River transfer scheme (Zaaihoek Dam) was completed in 1989. This scheme supplies water from the Northern Natal to ESCOM\u2019s Majubo power station near Amersfoort and is also capable of transferring up to 3 m3\/s (95 million m3 per annum) via the Perdewaterspruit in the catchment of the Grootdraai Dam to the upper Vaal River.<\/p>\n

Previously the yield of the Vaal Dam was calculated to be about 29 m3\/s (908 million m3 per annum) on its own without the support of any of the supplementary schemes. By comparison the joint system of transfer schemes plus the Grootdraai, Sterkfontein and Vaal Dams were thought to be capable of maintaining a yield of 64 m3\/s (1 956 million m3\/annum).<\/p>\n

Recent revisions of the yield of the Vaal River system indicate that there is 20 percent less water available in the system than was previously calculated. South Africa has frequent droughts, and the reduced yield of the Vaal system is due to, in large part, a lengthy and severe drought period during the 1980s.<\/p>\n

To supplement this yield the construction of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, which supplies water to the Vaal River via the Ash, Liebenbergsviei and Wilge Rivers, was constructed to make available an ultimate figure of about 70 m3\/s by the year 2020.<\/p>\n

However, a Department of Water Affairs and Forestry study indicates that the current growth in demand from the Vaal River system will result in the need for further augmentation of supply by 2005. Prior to the recent study the date for future augmentation was around 2016.<\/p>\n

Estimates for the availability of water are derived statistically from historic flow observations. Previous assessments were made on the basis of observations for the period 1920 - 1984.<\/p>\n

The latest study's findings of a 20 percent reduction in the yield are as a result of the inclusion of statistics for the full period of the 1979 to 1989 drought. These statistics were not available at the time of the previous study. In the meantime, despite the water level of the Vaal Dam, water continues to be delivered from Lesotho into the system. An agreement between South Africa and Lesotho determines the amount of water that will be delivered annually, regardless of the state of dams in South Africa. This is, at least in part, because the process of delivering water generates electricity for Lesotho - a process that cannot be interrupted without social and economic ramifications for that country.<\/p>\n

South Africa also benefits from the additional water in the system, as any spillage or release from the Vaal Dam serves to improve the quality of water downstream of the dam. Currently the Vaal River system is facing significant water quality deterioration arising from discharges from multiple industrial, urban, mining and agricultural uses.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Flood Management<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In addition to the creation of a temporary flood absorption capacity in the Vaal Dam with the most recent raining, the Department also erected a network of telemetry gauging stations at selected points in the catchment area. These stations are equipped to transmit rainfall and flood observations by radio to a master station at the Vaal Dam and at the head office in Pretoria. Readings are taken every 15 minutes and are then supplied automatically to the computer at Vaal Dam from where the information can be recalled at any moment. With the knowledge of the inflow into the dam forecast, the behaviour of the flood water in the dam was simulated with the aid of the computer and it is now possible to optimise operating procedures concerning the opening and closure of gates during floods and in so doing to reduce potential damage downstream of the dam and to ensure the safety of the dam.<\/p>\n

The flood attenuation properties of the dam were severely tested in February 1996 when the largest flood ever recorded at the Vaal Dam site was experienced. An inflow of over 4 700 m3\/s was measured into the Vaal Dam which was already at full capacity due to good rains and it was only through the expert management of the Hydrology staff at DWAF that the maximum flood released from the dam was limited to 2 300 m3\/s. Flows above 2 300 m3\/s would have caused serious damage downstream of Vaal Dam and the situation during the 1996 flood became extremely tense as the storage in the reservoir peaked at 118.5% of Full Supply Capacity on 19 February 1996 i.e. only 194 million m3 of flood absorption capacity remained
\nbefore the full inflow would have been released causing massive damage.<\/p>\n

During the period from 15 December 1995 to 15 March 1996, the inflow volume to Vaal Dam was estimated at 7 605 million m3 - sufficient to fill the dam three times over. The inflow peak was estimated to have a return period of 70 years while the outflow peak was estimated to have a return period of only 20 years.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Environment<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Sediment deposition in the Vaal Dam is very low and since the completion of the dam in 1938 an estimated 210 million m3 (some 8%) of the volume of the dam basin in 1990 was filled with sediment.<\/p>\n

Although the water of the Vaal Dam is of good quality, deterioration as a result of agricultural, mining and other activities is discernible in the catchment. As a result of the industrial and other activities in the PWV area and the return of purified effluent downstream of the Vaal Dam in the catchment area of the Vaal Barrage, it is found that water of a poor quality enters the Vaal River, especially via the Klip River and other streams. The result is that the quality of the water of the Vaal River in this area is of such a nature that particular problems are being experienced by downstream users such as a number of municipalities on the banks of the Vaal as well as the Western Transvaal Water Corporation and the Free State Goldfields Water Board.<\/p>\n

In order to counter these problems the operation of the Vaal River system does not merely concentrate on the quantity of water supplied but also pays special attention to the question of the improvement of the quality of the water downstream of the Vaal Dam. This requires the controlled release of good quality water from the Vaal Dam to be blended with poorer quality water in the Barrage in order to obtain a product of acceptable quality. When the higher quality water of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project reaches the Vaal Dam, it has a positive effect on the quality of the water in the Vaal Dam and further downstream.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Recreation<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Apart from water supply, the Vaal Dam today is one of the most popular holiday resorts in the interior of the country. With a total shoreline of 880 km as compared with a total of 5 300 km for all the dams in the RSA, it is clear by holiday-makers, especially in the Gauteng area, are turning to the Vaal Dam in increasing numbers. Guidelines aimed at controlling development on the banks of the Vaal Dam were laid down in 1982 by the Vaal Dam Guide Plan Committee in order to ensure that harmony prevails between the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry as consumptive water user and the recreation water users. Prospective developers in that area are advised, to acquaint themselves with the provisions and requirements in the Vaal Dam Guide Plan.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Comparison<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Summary<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Conclusion<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The Vaal Dam forms the central storage reservoir for the Vaal River water supply system which supplies water to the industrial powerhouse of the whole country. The area supplied from the Vaal River System, generates more than 50% of South Africa's gross geographical product (GGP), more than 80% of the country's electricity and includes some of the largest gold, platinum and coal mines in the world. Vaal Dam is therefore of great importance to South Africa and a key component of the water supply infrastructure for Gauteng and the surrounding.<\/p>\n

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This Information Pamphlet was compiled by:<\/strong>
\nMichael Kriel & Riaan van der Walt
\nHydrological Services<\/p>\n

\nAll the information was obtained from existing DWAF Pamphlets, ICOLD#, Area Manager: Vaal <\/strong>Dam, etc.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n# International Commission on Large Dams<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Introduction About 56 km south of Johannesburg, close to Vereeniging, the Vaal Dam was constructed in the early thirties. At the time it was also about 20 km downstream of the confluence of the Vaal and Wilge rivers. As a … Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1084","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vaalrivercommunity.co.za\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1084","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vaalrivercommunity.co.za\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vaalrivercommunity.co.za\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vaalrivercommunity.co.za\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vaalrivercommunity.co.za\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1084"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/vaalrivercommunity.co.za\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1084\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1118,"href":"https:\/\/vaalrivercommunity.co.za\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1084\/revisions\/1118"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vaalrivercommunity.co.za\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1084"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}